kothomayung tamo ? Kothomayoung no cherwi swidi?

             B.A 3rd semester kokborok
                     major paper:-vi
         12 mark ni question tei Answer
Q.kothomayung tamo ? Kothomayoung no cherwi swidi?
Kothomayung wngkha Kokrwbainino kaisa dalni mung. Kothomayungno English kogo 'Novel' hino tei Bangla kogo 'Uponnash' hinjago. Kokthomayung kokthaino chwng kainwikhe swkagwi mano-kothoma tei yung. Kothoma wngkha bororokni langma eba kwthang manwirokni langmao patiwi, laiwi thangmani, Nok-nukhung, dopha hodao wngwi thangmani eba bororokni langmao tekto, birman, jolima, naslema, hamjakma, khairokma, khanangma, khamaima akorok podrepod gwrwngbai gwdalwi eba kwrwngwi manjagwi phaimani laithangjak kokrokno thansakhe chapjakmani. Tei yung wngkha kotor eba kolokkhe wawi swijakmani. Abohaikhe kothoma tei yung kokthai thainwi thansa wngwi kothomayung wngo.Kothomayung eba Novel wngkha kothoma kaisano kok, kokthai bangriwi kotorkhe swijakmani. A swimung kokbom raida (prose form)- no rwgwi swijago. Novel kokthai naharjakha Italian kokthai 'Novella'- ni tei aboni kokmang wngkha kwtal. Kothomayung swimungrok belai kotorkheno swijago. Novel swina thangkhe bachisai (fifty thousand) kokthaibai swina nangmani raida tongo. Kokthai tumung bachisai eba fifty thousand-ni swlai kisa wngo hinkhe abono soisoi (complete) novel hinjakya. Abohai soisoi kothomayung wngsukyano Kothomayung kusu eba Novella hinwi sinimung rwjago. Kokrwbaio Novel-no chwng Kokbom (prose)-ni bokocho hinwi kothomayungni laibuma bijaprogo khursajak mano. Phiyaba bahaikhe kokbomni bokocho hinjakha eba hinjago abonobo saimanna belaino nango.Chwng jotono sawimano kokrwbai khakamung tei wansukmungrokno rwgwi swijago tei swinai kokrwbini raidano siwi swimung swio.Sakao khursajak mungremo kokrwbaini dalnwi bedekni bisingo kokbom (prose form)-no simi khagwi phunukjakkha. Tamoni hinkhe Novel eba kothomayung wngkha kokbomni bedek, kokbomnino fictional-ni nongkhorkha. Fiction wngkha kaisa wansukmung (imagination)-ni bisingtwi swijakma swimung. Aro kubui kwrwiphano wngmano eba tongwiphanomano. Kubui tongphano swimungo kwbangkukno wansukmungni bisingtwi kok wajakrok tongo hinwi sajagwi tongo. Novel eba kothomayung swimung khakamung, khaphurmung, khatongthokmung tei khayokmungrokno twiwino swijagwi tongo. Phaidi tabuk kothomayungni dalroknobo saimanlaiyanw.Kothomayung-ni dal (Types of Novel)-ni kokno sana thangkhe kwbangma swikwrwngrogno jani jani khakatwi, wansukmatwi kok narwkkha. Khoroksabai tei Khoroksani bisingo sollaimung tongmatwino pherlaimungrokbo tongmani nukjago. Haiphano Kothomayung swina thangkhe nangkukmani dalrokni kokno khamao nailaiyano. Aborok - 1) Gothic Novel, 2) Picaresque Novel, 3) Epistolary Novel, 4) Historical Novel, 5) psychological or Streame of Consciousness Novel, 6) Social Realism Novel, 7) Bildungsroman Novel, 8) Autobiographical Novel, 9) Satirical Novel, 10) Allegorical Novel, 11) Regional Novel, 12) Sentimental Novel akorok.
***Gothic Novel:-Gothic Novel wngkha kaisa kirima-sicha kothoma wawi swijakmani. Gothic kokthai phaikha German kokthai 'Goths'-ni. Gothic kothomayungni kokno sana thangkhe sathai kwlaio wanama gwnang, kirima gwnang, kwthwini kwthang wngma, kwthang borokni bisingo tei khoroksani mang habwi kirimung hapma eba nangmabara phan manma. O kothomayungni kaisa phunukmari mano Horace Walepole-bai swijak 'The Castle of Otranto' (1764). "The Castle of Otranto' swimungno-no puila kirima sicha (Horror) gothic novel hinjago. Gothic Novel swijakmao kamibai hakchal nok, borokrok tongya, simalung gana, abohai thai naiwi swijago eba naharjago. 18th century-ni jorao Horace Walpole-no karwi tei khoroknwini mungbo khursajago.Aborog wngkha John Ruskin tei Thomas Carlyle. Aboni yagulo Romantic period happhaikha. A jorani swinairog-Samuel Taylor Coleridge ('The Rime of the Ancient Mariner', 'Christabel'), P.B.Shelley ('Zastrozzi'), Marry Shelly ('Frankenstein'), Ann Redcliffe ('The Mysteries of Udolpho', 'The Romance of the Forest'), Clara Reeve, John Keats, William Backword, Mathew Gregory Lewis akosong.
***Picaresque Novel:--Picareque Novel wngkha sakni muchungmano kubui khwlaina bagwi kaisa thaini tei kaisa thaio thangnai, berainai, borokni hamya khwlainai abohai chwla eba bwrwino twiwi swijak kothomayung. Picaresque kokthai naharjakkha Spanish kokthai 'picaro'-ni. 'Picaro' kokhaino 1545 bisio nahajakkha tei 1810 bisio a kokthai swlaijagwi Picaresque kokthai achaikha. Aboni kokmang wngkha hamya khwlainai (Rogue). Omohai kothomayungni thwnggwrwngo hamya samung tangnai khoroksani swlai kwbang borokbai kaijagwi, bini je khwlaina muchungmani aborokno kubui khwlaío. Bo tumung sikok wngwi tongkhe, borok kahambai malaiwi kaham kaham kokni bisingtwi bono phwrwngjakphano bini tongmungni loino sariwi manya abohaino
abohai tongnai. Picaresque Novelrok wngkha- Henry Fielding-bai swijak 'Tom Jones', Daniel Defoe-ni 'Robison Crusoe' tei 'Moll Flanders', Carventes-ni 'Don Quixote' akorok.
***Epistolary Novel:-Epistolary Novel wngkha Novelni teikaisa nangkukmani dal. Epistolary kokthai phaikha Greek 'epistole' kokthaini tei bini kokmang wngkha koktun (Letter) eba rohor (Send).Koktung hinmani wngkha mungsaswk swiwi khoroksa tei khoroksano kok tunmani. Omohai kothomayungo koklop, koktang ahai jesa kokrwbaini swimungrokno phano koktun bwlaio swiwi rohormani nukjago. Laibumano rwgwi naikhe sawimano swikwrwng Alexandar Pope bini kiching Henry Saint John-no koklop kaisa swiwi koktun bwlaini bisingtwi rohorkha. Abono karwi Samuel Richardson bini kothomayung 'Pamela'-ni bisingtwi abohai gwrwngrokno phunukkha. Bini 'Pamela' kothomayung 1740 bisio swijago. Bobai swijak teikaisa kothomayung wngkha 'Clarrisa' (1748). Samuel Richardson o kainwi kothomayung swiwi munggwnangbo wngkha. Omohai kothomayungo hamjaklaimani kokrokbo khursajakmani nukjago.Chwla-bwrwi hamjaklaiwi koktun bwlaio borokni wansukmung, muchungmung, tei khakamungrokno khoroksa tei khoroksano sanani naijago hinwibo sawimano.
***Historical Novel:-Historical Novel-bo teikaisa nangkukmani Kothomayungni bedek eba dal. Omohai kothomayung wngkha laibuma rwgwi swijak kothoma kotor. Laibuma rwgwi swijak hinphano swinai sak sakni swnamjak thwnggwrwngroknobo achukthai ruwimano. Tamoni hinmale Laibuma kothomayung swina thangkhe je laibumano twiwi swinai a jorani laibumani kokno swrai swraikhe sawi manna nango. A jorani tongkhor, patimungni tongkhor bomohai tongnani bebakno sawi manthai. English Novel-ni bisingo puila historical novel hinwi sinimung mankha Sir Walter Scott -bai swijak 'Waverly'. Abono karwibo tongo-Leo Tolstoy-ni 'War and Peace', Charles Dickens-ni 'A Tale of Two Cities', Feltrinelli-ni 'The Leopard', Laura Purcell-ni 'Queen of Badlam', sally Christie-ni 'The Sisters and Varsatiles', akorok.
***Psychological or Stream of Consciousness Novel:--Psychological Novel wngkha Kothomayungni teikaisa dal tei o kothomayung 20th centuryni jorao kwbangkhe sinimung mankha. O kothomayungni gwrwng kubuni kothomayungni gwrwngbai pherlaio. Oro thwnggwrwngni samung, thwnggwrwngrok kok samarokno rwgwino swijagwi tongo. Phiyaba Leo Tolstoy (war and peace) tei Jyoder Dostoevsky (crime and punishment)-ni swimungo teibo swlaiwi swikha. William Jones-no puila Stream of Consciousness kokthaino khursakha. Stream of Conciousness kothomayungno Psychological kothomayungnino kaisa gwrwng hinjago. Kothomano swina bagwi chabna nangya, wansukmungo jesa wansukmung phaikhe abono koroyatwikhe sosolkhe swijago. Kwrwngsa thaio achugwi tongphano, kubuni samung khwlaiwi tongphano wansukmung phaimano chabyawi swijago. Virginia Woolf-ni 'Mrs. Dalloway', tei James Joyce-ni 'Ulysses' kothomayung wngkha Stream of Consciousness novel-ni phunukmari.
***Social Realism Novel:-Hodao wngwi phaima eba wngwi tongma tongkhorni kokno rwgwi swijak kothoma kotor wngkha Social Realism kothomayung. O kothomayungo kwbangkukno kubui tei kuthuk wansukmungno twiwi hodani borokrokni thani kok kwcharna naimani lam hinwibo sinijago. English swikwrwng Jay Aksher bai swijak 'Thirteen Reasons why' tei John Green-ni 'Looking for Alaska' kothomayung wngkha Hodano twiwi swijak kothomayung. Kothomayung swimungo Hodani gwrwng joto kothomayungono nukjago. Phiyaba Social Realism kothomayungo Hodano wngkha kokbothoma.
***Bildungsroman Novel:-Bldungsroman wngkha kaisa german kokthai tei bini kokmang wngkha chasamung (Growth). Omohai kothomayungo swinai sakkothomano kothomayungni nangkukma thwnggwrwng (protagonist)-ni wansukmung, khakamung, tei tongmung-chamungrokni bisingtwi phunukna naio hinwimano. English kothomayungo Charlotte Bronte-bai swijak 'Jane Eyre', Charles dickens-ni 'David Copperfield', Thomas Mann-ni 'The Magic Mountain' wngkha Bildungsroman kothomayung.
***Autobiographical Novel:-Autobiographical kothomayung wngkha khoroksa swinai (author), bo bini sakkothomano twiwi swijak kothoma kotor eba kothomayung. Aborog wngkha-D. H. Lawrence-ni 'Sons and Lovers', Charles Dickens-ni 'Great Expectations', 'David Copperfield', Sylvia Plath-ni 'The Bell Jar', Ralph Ellison-ni 'Invisible Man', Maya Angelou-ni 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings', Virginia Wolfe-ni 'The Light House', akorok.
***Satirical Novel:-Satire wngkha khoroksaswk borokno twiwi kokkhitarwi (lachimung riwi) sajakmani.A sajakmao rwbai tongo tei sajaknai borok khanangjakya, joliya tei bujiwibo mano. Satire Kothomayung wngkha George Orwell-bai swijak 'Animal Farm', Jonathon Swift-ni 'Gullivers Travel', Joseph Heller-ni 'Catch 22', Mark Twin-ni 'The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn', akorok.
***Allegorical Novel:--Allegory wngkha kaisa kothoma. Tei o kothomano kainwi kokmangni bisingtwi naijago. Kaisa wngkha saka sakatwi (Surface meaning) teikaisa wngkha sinimung mari gwnang (Symbolic meaning). Sinimung mari gwnang-no chwng thwngrwng (political), tongthar (religious), laibumarwkjak (historical) tei koksilam eba philosophical hinwibo siniwimano. Allegorical kothomayung wngkha- John Bunyan-ni 'Pilgrims Progress', William Golding-ni 'The Lord of the Files', Edmund Spenser-ni 'The faerie Queene', akorok.
***Regional Novel:-Amchairwk kothomayung wngkha kubui tei kaisa chongjak amchairokno twiwino swijago Regional Novel swinairogni bisingo tongo - Maria Edgeworth, John Galt, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy akosong.
***Sentimental Novel:-Sentimental kothomayung wngkha mungsaswk wansukmung belaikhe khao nangjakmani tei abo khakhammani bisingtwiphano wngmano eba tongthokmung manmani bisingtwi phano wngmano. Sentimental kothomayungrok wngkha- Samuel Richardson-ni 'Pamela', 'Virtu Rewarded', Oliver Goldsmith-ni 'Vicar of Wakefield', Laurence Sterne-ni 'Tristram Shandy", Henry brooke-ni 'The Fool of Quality', Henry Mackenzie-ni 'The Man of Feeling', Jean Jacques Rousseau-ni 'Julie', akorok.
Kothomayungni dal kwbangmano tongo.Juda juda swikwrwngrokni juda juda swimung bijaprogo abono chwng nugwimano. Ahai hinphano sakao khursajak dalrokno jotoni swlai kwbangkhe swimungrogo swijagwi tongo.